What are the two requirements for valid arrest authorities?

The correct answer identifies the requirements that stem from the legal framework governing law enforcement actions. Being "found in contravention" means that an officer has witnessed an individual committing a crime or has sufficient evidence indicating that a crime is being committed or has been committed. Additionally, the inability or refusal of an individual to provide identification can justify an arrest. This aligns with the principles of lawful arrest, where an officer can act on immediate evidence of wrongdoing, especially when identification cannot be verified and poses a risk to public safety or the integrity of the investigation.

The other options fail to capture the essential components of arrest authority as set by law. Witnessing a crime and providing a report is not sufficient by itself, as an arrest is typically based on more immediate and actionable evidence. The notion of verbal confirmation of a crime and probable cause lacks the emphasis on the actual observance of a crime being committed, which is essential in many legal frameworks. Lastly, the idea of being under an immediate threat and having illegal substances does not form a comprehensive basis for arrest authority, as it does not encompass the requirement of having seen a violation of the law or the inability to identify the individual involved.